Violence Can't always Be related to thinking Illness

On April 16, 2007, Seung-Hui Cho, age 32, killed 32 citizen on the Virginia Tech campus before committing suicide. It was the single deadliest school shooting in Us history. Cho was diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorder in childhood and declared mentally ill by a court of law in 2005. Jeffery Dahmer is thought about to be one of the worst serial killers in history. He committed acts of murder, rape, and cannibalism upon 17 victims-and those are only the victims of which we are aware. Dahmer was found to be legally sane, but some have recommend he may have been autistic. Ted Bundy was so assert as his own lawyer that the judge said he would be glad to have him in his courtroom as an attorney. Was he insane? Did he know right from wrong? The unibomber, Ted Kaczynski, was thought about to have a severe mental illness, but he was criminally responsible for his actions, The more we learn, the more confusing it gets.

The first thing citizen want to do is make sure that those with severe mental illnesses cannot get guns. This is a good idea, but doesn't solve the problem of violent citizen who do not have a mental illness.

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The MacArthur Study of psychiatric inpatients found that mental illness alone is not an exact predictor of future violence. In fact, the study found, person who is diagnosed as Schizophrenic is even less likely to be violent than the median person. The study found that the major risk factors for violence are: a childhood history of abuse, prior arrests, antisocial personality disorder, drug abuse by parents, substance abuse, anger control problems, violent fantasies, involuntary commitment to a psychiatric hospital-and even something as simple as being a young male. This is not to say that mental illness and violence are thoroughly unrelated, or that those who are diagnosed as mentally ill do not commit violent acts. However, those citizen with mental illness who do end up being violent tend to do so when they are off of their medications, avoiding treatment, and/or abusing substances. They also tend to have supplementary diagnoses on Axis Ii.

Every day, in order to decree who will have to stay in the hospital involuntarily, mental health professionals have to decree either a person is an imminent danger to himself or others. The research makes it clear that unaided clinical judgment in predicting future violence is little great than chance. Actuarial tools supply somewhat of an revision over clinical judgment, but how many hospitals, parole boards, prisons, jails, courts, and police agencies are using them in the Us?

Although the use of actuarial tools, such as the Pcl-R, Vrag, and Static 2000 are already commonplace in Canada-where most of these tools were developed-the trend is only now beginning to work its way into tasteless Us mental health and criminal justice practices. It needs to be universal. We cannot continue to let hazardous citizen out on the road because we think they might not be dangerous. That should no longer be our approved of care. Clinical judgment in determining risk of future dangerousness has an practically 50% error rate. Actuarial tools have exact classification rates for dangerousness of 65-80. Our original psychological tests cannot be used I this way.

My own research on violence has shown that psychiatric illness and symptomology alone is not sufficient to predict future violence. There is no simple construct. It takes a aggregate of risk factors and an absence of resiliency factors to predict future violence. We run the risk of being too simplistic when we try to narrow violence down to a single, weakly related factor such as mental illness. If a mentally ill person stops taking his/her medication, has a past attack on another, and begins abusing substances, he/she is at a greater risk for future violence than the mentally ill person without these characteristics. We have a great deal of tools at our disposal that will accurately correlate the possibility of future violence, and we know the steps toward managing it. Isn't it time that we used these tools universally?

Violence Can't always Be related to thinking Illness

Female Violence - Problems and Solutions

The time to come well-being of a community is directly linked to its potential to care for and educate its young. Among families that cannot effectively care for their young without assistance, lie one of the sources of time to come violence and criminality. Until we learn this, we will continue to build more prisons at a much higher cost than early arresting and treatment. Until we fully identify and support the significance of the parental task of caring for its young, we will not stop the cycle of violence.

Steffensmeier and Haynie (2000) found that economic disadvantage and group disorganization was linked with adult female homicide. Campbell (1993) suggests that women express violence in response to stress and frustration. Katherine Ramsland has proposed some reasons for aggression by women (Court Tv Crime Library, 2005). Some work in partnership with boyfriends or husbands who beat them if they do not cooperate, some are impulsively violent, and some are methodically cruel. Elizabeth Epstein (2005) found that among the relationships of 109 alcoholic women, 61% reported some violence. In 23% of the couples, the woman was more violent and in 11% of the couples, the man was more violent. Dobash et al., (1992) point out that female and male rates of spousal murder in the Us are very similar, while the perpetrators of spousal abuse are predominantly male.

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A study of female violence (Seifert, 2008) indicated that adult females with histories of aggression had moderate to severe behavior problems that began before the age of 13, charge of an authority figure, impulsivity, delinquency, running away from home, substance abuse, beliefs in the legitimacy of aggression as a means to an end, few pro-social peers, behavior problems at school, home or work, not victorious in school, job, or as a home maker, family violence and low warmth in family of origin, and lack of acceptable boundaries in family of origin or gift family. A third of those with continuing assaults lacked remorse, and had certain attitudes toward antisocial behavior, emotional displays that were flat or out of control, deviant peers, and inordinate absenteeism from school or work in increasing to the general characteristics cited above. Additionally it appears that the whole and the severity of traumas experienced by a woman are linked with the whole and severity of behavior problems a woman has. The Care 2: continuing Violence Risk and Needs estimation (Seifert, 2008) identifies the risk and resiliency factors linked with adolescent female violence, as well as needed interventions. Study continues on the female adult version of this tool.

Females are most likely to kill a spouse (19% of victims of female homicide), a friend/acquaintance (17%), or a boyfriend or girlfriend (10%) and least likely to kill an employee/er (.1%) or a sibling (1%) (Bjs). Twelve percent of Us homicide offenders (Bjs) and 12% of identified serial killers are female (Newton, 2000). The motive for 41% of female serial killers is money (14% of male and female combined). Substance abuse is more likely to be complex when an abused woman murders her abusive male partner. Additionally, most mothers who kill their children are psychotic, under stress, isolated, have long histories of reasoning illness, and have been abused or exposed to domestic violence as children.

An example is Aileen Wuornos. She was born in Michigan in 1956. Aileen's childhood was full of abandonment and despair. The killings and molestations taking place around her as a youngster foreshadowed a life in prostitution and murder that would later unfold. Aileen was never able to form an attachment to a peer group nor have the capacity to formulate empathy for others. She ended up confessing to six murders, claiming and then refuting she committed them in self-defense.

Before Aileen's biological father served time in prison for molesting a child and later hung himself in his cell. Her mom left Aileen and her brother, Keith, with the children's maternal grandparents when Aileen was only 4 years old. Having given birth to her children as a teenager, Aileen's mom lamented that they were "crying, unhappy babies." At age 6 Aileen suffered facial burns while setting fires with lighter fluid.

Aileen later revealed that she had sex with her brother at a young age (a claim that is not verified). She was often truant from school and was pregnant at age 14. In this same year, her grandmother went into violent convulsions and died-there was suspicion that Aileen's grandfather was to blame.

Aileen soon entered a bleak existence of hitchhiking and prostitution, picking up along the way some charges of drunk and disorderly behavior and charge (Court Tv's Crime Library, 2005). She was later charged, convicted, and executed for the murder of six men with whom she had sex. Had Ailene's family had early intervention to see that the emotional needs of the children were met, her murder spree might have been avoided.

So it is true for other girls. Early identification and intervention into violent homes is critical to stop the brutal cycle of family violence. We can no longer ignore the precursors of female violence. As a society, we must intervene early with therapy and family supports for all families exposed to domestic violence.

Female Violence - Problems and Solutions